The lengths of instruments available are normally 21, 25 and 31 mm. The taper is a constant 0.02 mm per mm of cutting flute hence also referred to as 0.02 taper. 7 The relevant information on sizing and colour coding for files and reamers are listed in Table 6.1 d 1 is an assessment of the diameter of the working part at the tip end, and is its nominal size d 3 represents a point at 16 mm from d 1 where the cutting part of the instrument ends. files, reamers and barbed broaches, are standardized in relation to size, colour coding and physical properties. As a result, endodontic hand instruments, i.e. The terminology, dimensions, physical properties, measuring systems and quality control of endodontic instruments and materials are defined by these standards. Hand instruments are grouped according to usage and to the classification established by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). However, they can only be used where a tooth is fully erupted and has a cervical constriction that prevents the clamp from slipping off. Bland clamps are less likely to impinge on the gingivae as they have flat jaws, which grip the tooth around its entire circumference. Retentive clamps are designed to make a four-point contact with the tooth they have narrow, curved and slightly inverted jaws, which may displace gingival tissue to grip the tooth below the level of greatest circumference they are very useful on partly erupted teeth. A winged clamp allows the attachment of the rubber dam to the clamp so that both clamp and rubber dam may be applied to the tooth together. INDICATIONThe Endo Z bur’s lateral cutting edges are used to flare, flatten, and refine the internal axial walls. Clamps are winged or wingless, retentive or bland ( Fig. The Endo Z bur is a tapered and safe-ended carbide bur This bur is popular in that its non cutting end can be safely placed directly on the pulpal floor without a risk of perforation.
There are also non-metallic clamps made of plastic (SoftClamp, KerrHawe, Bioggio, Switzerland) on the market. Most clamps are made from stainless steel some are made from plated steel, which may be more susceptible to corrosion by sodium hypochlorite. In endodontics, anchorage is the main requirement. A surgical haemostat may be used to position X-ray films, for radiography during treatment.Ĭlamps have two uses: first, they anchor the rubber dam to the tooth, and second, they retract the gingivae. A millimetre ruler or other measuring device should be available for measuring purposes. A flat plastic instrument and an amalgam plugger are needed for placement of an inter-appointment restoration. Both Briault and periodontal probes are necessary for the initial assessment of the tooth for caries and the localized periodontal condition. Locking tweezers are ideal for handling paper points, gutta-percha points, cotton wool pellets and root canal instruments. A long spoon excavator is required to remove pulpal contents and soft caries where present. The endodontic explorer is a double-ended, extra-long, sharp instrument designed to help in the location of canal entrances and for detecting fractures. A front-surfaced mouth mirror produces an undistorted image for good visibility deep within the pulp chamber.
For convenience, a basic selection of instruments should be packaged or set-up in a tray, ready to use ( Fig.
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